There are three main engine choices in the 2009 Ford F-150 lineup, all of them V8s: a 4.6-liter that makes 248 horsepower and 293 pound-feet of torque, a higher-output 4.6 with 292 hp and 320 lb-ft and a 5.4-liter unit with 320 hp and 390 lb-ft. The base 4.6 is paired to a four-speed automatic transmission, while the high-output 4.6 and 5.4 are mated to a six-speed automatic. The brakes have a soft feel about them, but stopping distances are quite good. In instrumented testing, we stopped a four-wheel-drive Super Crew from 60 mph in an impressive 127 feet.

As expected, buyers have a choice between two- and four-wheel drive on all versions of the F-150. When it comes to working capacity, the F-150 can’t be beat — on paper, at least. Properly equipped, an F-150 with the 5.4-liter V8 can tow up to 11,300 pounds and carry a 3,030-pound payload. In practice, however, the F-150 struggles to keep up with more powerful rivals in towing and hauling tests, particularly when going up grades.

Fuel mileage can be as high as 15 mpg city/21 mpg highway and 17 mpg combined for an F-150 2WD SuperCrew with the SFE (superior fuel economy) package. A more typical 4WD SuperCrew with the 5.4-liter V8 gets EPA estimates of 14/18/15

Body Styles, Trim Levels, and Options

The 2009 Toyota Tundra is a full-size, half-ton pickup truck available in three body styles: regular cab, Double Cab (crew cab) and CrewMax (really big crew cab). Regular and Double Cabs can be ordered with either a 6.5-foot or 8-foot bed, while the CrewMax comes only with a 5.5-foot bed. Trim levels include base Grade, midlevel SR5 and plush Limited. The regular cab is only available in Grade trim, while Double Cab and CrewMax styles are available in all flavors.

Standard Grade features include 18-inch steel wheels, a bed light, a 40/20/40-split cloth bench seat, manual accessories, a tilt steering wheel, dual-zone manual climate control and a six-speaker CD stereo with an auxiliary audio jack (four speakers in regular cab). The SR5 adds cruise control, full power accessories, heated mirrors, a console-mounted shifter, front bucket seats (the bench remains an option, returning the shifter to the steering column), a power driver seat, a tilt-and-telescoping steering wheel, a six-CD changer, keyless entry and rear heater ducts. Many of these options are available on the Grade. The SR5 CrewMax also includes a reclining and sliding rear seat and a power vertical-sliding rear window.

The Tundra Limited adds 18-inch alloy wheels, a bed rail system with adjustable tie-downs, front and rear parking sensors, leather upholstery, heated front seats, a power passenger seat, automatic climate control, auto-dimming side mirrors, Bluetooth and a 10-speaker upgraded sound system with a subwoofer (12 speakers with CrewMax).

Other options include 20-inch wheels, driver memory functions, a navigation system, a back-up camera, a towing package and a sunroof (CrewMax only). The TRD Off-Road package available on the SR5 and Limited trims adds an off-road-tuned suspension, unique 18-inch alloy wheels, foglamps, front tow hooks and a sliding rear window. The TRD Rock Warrior package adds 17-inch alloy wheels, all-terrain tires, Bilstein shocks, a black cloth interior, foglamps and special exterior detailing and decals (available only on four-wheel-drive 5.7-liter Double Cab standard bed and CrewMax). The TRD Sport package includes 20-inch alloy wheels, a special shift knob and pedals, and unique detailing and decals (available only on two-wheel-drive 5.7-liter regular and Double Cab standard bed models).

Powertrains and Performance

Three engines are employed for duty underneath the Tundra’s sculpted hood, and all versions of the Tundra can be equipped with two-wheel drive or four-wheel drive. Standard on the 4×2 Tundra regular cab and standard bed 4×2 Double Cab is a 4.0-liter V6 good for 236 hp and 266 pound-feet of torque. Fuel economy for this engine is 15 mpg city/19 mpg highway and 16 mpg combined. Optional on these models and standard on all other Tundras is a 4.7-liter V8 with 271 hp and 313 lb-ft of torque. Fuel economy with this V8 is 14/17/15 (13/16/15 with 4WD). Both these engines come standard with a five-speed automatic transmission.

Optional on all Tundras is a muscular 5.7-liter V8 that produces 381 hp and 401 lb-ft of torque. A six-speed automatic is standard. This truck is seriously quick, as a Double Cab SR5 4×4 we tested went from zero to 60 mph in just 6.9 seconds. Fuel economy is an estimated 13/17/15 mpg (14/18/16 with two-wheel drive). Properly equipped, the Tundra can tow between 10,100 and 10,800 pounds, depending on driveline and cab style.

Safety

Antilock disc brakes, traction control, stability control, front-seat side airbags and full-length side curtain airbags are all standard. In government crash testing, the 2009 Tundra scored four stars out of five in frontal impact tests for both driver and passenger. In the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety’s frontal-offset crash testing, the Tundra earned the highest possible “Good” rating. In side impact crash testing, a Tundra Double Cab also achieved a “Good” rating.

nterior Design and Special Features

The 2009 Toyota Tundra has without a doubt the most stylish interior among full-size trucks. However, many of its audio controls are out of comfortable reach for the driver. Meanwhile, each gauge is housed in its own deep tunnel, resulting in less-than-stellar legibility. Materials quality is satisfactory for a full-size pickup, though the same can be said for the Tundra’s rivals.

The regular cab offers comfortable seats as well as a generous amount of interior cargo space. In Double Cabs, the backseat is fully usable for adults, while the CrewMax offers the roomiest rear seat of any pickup truck. With a limolike 44.5 inches of rear legroom, even 6-footers can stretch out and cross their legs.

Driving Impressions

The 5.7-liter V8 makes the 2009 Toyota Tundra one of the quickest pickups on the road, and the engine’s delivery is impressively smooth. Shifts from the six-speed automatic transmission are prompt, and the console shifter’s precise action makes it easy to use the manual mode while tackling steep highway grades or off-road challenges. The light steering further complements the Tundra’s easy-to-drive nature.

We were satisfied with the Tundra’s ride quality a few years ago, but the new Dodge Ram’s rear coil spring suspension and the Ford F-150′s sturdier frame make the Tundra seem jiggly by comparison. During our long-term test, rear seat passengers often complained about the choppy ride. Braking distances are a few feet off the pace of competitors, but we’ve found the Tundra is very good at resisting fade after multiple stops.

As a fixed cost of car ownership, automobile insurance currently competes for financial resources with car payments, registration fees, and property taxes. If we were to make insurance a per-mile cost of driving, however, operating costs, which now are dominated by gasoline, would approximately double. Why make such a change? Two reasons are obvious: to enhance affordability and to reduce externalization of accident costs. A third and less obvious reason is suggested by the fact that this change would reduce annual ownership cost by several hundred to several thousand dollars for all drivers and cause operating cost to increase by a similar range in amount. We will see, however, that the insurance increase in operating cost for most drivers would either be greater or less but not the same as the insurance decrease in their ownership cost. An important political question is which groups would spend more for insurance and which would spend less than they do now.

A more fundamental question, however, is which system—fixed cost or operating cost—can more accurately measure and charge for the risk of driving an automobile. Economists generally agree that insurance cost pressure should provide individuals with incentives to control accident risk (Williamson et al., 1967, Vickrey, 1968, Calabresi, 1970). We will consider how well the current system provides this risk control function and whether a change to per-mile charges would do a better job.

Insurance  would be changed to an operating cost if mandated by a one-sentence amendment to insurance rate regulation law, introduced but not enacted several years ago in Pennsylvania (Butler, 1993a, National Organization for Women, 1998) and proposed in other states. The amendment would require companies to convert their price unit—and thus their cost unit—from dollars per vehicle year to cents per vehicle mile. But what would this change mean for women? This question is especially relevant since the system now in use has been defended for several decades as a benefit to women and used to justify resistance to any civil rights measure to prohibit pricing by driver sex (recently by Brown, 1995, but see also Butler, 1995). As a lower mileage group, women might on average spend less for auto insurance, but insurers argue that price classes are already tied to the annual mileage of cars and also to women’s lower accident involvement and better driving records.

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